Technical Articles

TGF-β1 protein is a multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in biological processes such as cell proliferation, development, apoptosis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and cancer.

The RSPO3 protein is a member of the R-spondin protein family, which includes four members: RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3, and RSPO4. The RSPO3 protein consists of approximately 270 amino acids, has a molecular weight of about 30 kilodaltons, and is a secreted glycoprotein.

Leukemia inhibitory factor belongs to the IL-6 cytokine family and is a multifunctional glycoprotein. This protein consists of 180 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight of approximately 20 to 25 kilodaltons, and contains seven α-helical domains, forming a typical four-helix bundle structure.

The fibroblast growth factor protein family is a group of multifunctional cell growth factors that play a broad and critical role in the development, growth, and repair processes of organisms.

Macrophages are highly heterogeneous immune cells with significant ontogenic differences in their origins. During embryonic development, certain tissue-resident macrophages, such as Langerhans cells in the skin, microglia in the central nervous system, Kupffer cells in the liver, and alveolar macrophages, originate from yolk sac and fetal liver precursors. These cells maintain tissue homeostasis through self-renewal.

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and are key signaling molecules that regulate embryonic development, organ formation, and postnatal tissue homeostasis.

Noggin is a secreted glycoprotein and a key morphogen antagonist that regulates embryonic development and organ formation.

Dickkopf-1 protein is a key endogenous inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, hailed as the "molecular brake" of bone metabolism. It plays a central regulatory role in embryonic development, bone formation, and tissue homeostasis.