Technical Articles

This article focuses on the pivotal role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the toxicity associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. It systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which GM-CSF acts as a "communication conduit" between CAR-T cells and myeloid cells, analyzes its dual pathways of exacerbating cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity (NT) by triggering inflammatory cytokine cascades and recruiting immunosuppressive cells, and explores the potential of targeting the GM-CSF signaling pathway as a mitigation strategy.

This article systematically elaborates on the molecular characteristics of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), its cellular sources, and the receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanisms. It analyzes its multifaceted roles in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, the regulation of myeloid cell functions, and anti-tumor immune responses.

GM-CSF is a crucial coordinator in the immune system. The in-depth understanding of its functions has not only helped reveal new pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases and cancer, but has also paved the way for a series of innovative targeted therapies.

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is far more than just a hematopoietic growth factor. It serves as a critical bridge connecting innate and adaptive immunity, playing a central role in maintaining homeostasis, host defense, and inflammatory pathology. This article will provide an in-depth technical exploration of the GM-CSF signaling pathway and its physiological functions, with a focused analysis of its dual roles in autoimmune diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and related targeted therapeutic strategies.

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a glycoprotein initially identified as a hematopoietic growth factor that promotes the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells into granulocytes and macrophages. With the deepening of research, it has been found that its biological function goes far beyond hematopoietic function.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as a key regulator of myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation, plays a dual role in immune response: on the one hand, it promotes the maturation of neutrophils and macrophages and enhances the body's ability to resist infection; on the other hand, its overexpression can trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses, leading to serious side effects such as cytokine storm (CRS) and neurotoxicity. In recent years, the GM-CSF neutralization strategy has shown significant potential in the field of immunotherapy toxicity regulation and has become an important direction to break through the safety bottleneck of existing therapies.