Technical Articles

B7-H3 is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the B7 family of immune co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, encoded by chromosome 15q24. It consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short intracellular domain, with no known signaling motifs.

Recurrent miscarriage refers to the loss of three or more fetuses before the 28th week of pregnancy. Since the risk of another miscarriage after two occurrences is similar to that after three, domestic experts recommend that attention and evaluation should be given after two miscarriages.

IL-18 protein is a multifunctional cytokine whose biological functions are not species-specific and play an important role in inflammatory responses, immune regulation, and disease development.

Cytokines are a broad category of soluble proteins, including monokines, glycoproteins, lymphokines, interferons, and interleukins. These secreted proteins act on targets through various immunological pathways such as apoptosis, growth, development, and differentiation, regulated by a series of control and negative feedback mechanisms.

IL-5 protein is a pleiotropic cytokine, also known as T-cell replacing factor, eosinophil colony-stimulating factor 1, and eosinophil differentiation factor. This protein is primarily produced by T cells and plays a significant role in immune regulation.

IL-1β protein is an important member of the interleukin-1 family and belongs to the major pro-inflammatory cytokines, expressed by various cell types.

GM-CSF protein is a glycoprotein, initially defined as a hematopoietic growth factor, capable of stimulating the differentiation of bone marrow precursor cells into granulocytes and macrophages.

IFNGR1 Fc Chimera is an innovative recombinant fusion protein created by fusing the extracellular ligand-binding domain of human gamma interferon receptor 1 with the antibody Fc fragment. It serves as a "high-affinity decoy receptor" for IFN-γ signaling, enabling precise modulation or blockade of this pivotal immune pathway in scientific research and translational medicine.

IL-21 is a four alpha helix cytokine composed of 133 amino acids, belonging to the gamma chain cytokine family (gamma c family). The family members include IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, all of which utilize a common gamma chain (γ c, CD132) as a receptor signaling subunit. Structurally, IL-21 contains four conserved alpha helical domains (A, B, C, D) that bind to receptors through specific spatial conformations.

Interferon alpha 2a (IFN - α 2a), as a type I interferon, plays a crucial role in antiviral, anti-tumor, and immune regulation. This article elaborates on the molecular structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical application progress, adverse reactions, and coping strategies of IFN - α 2a in detail.