Technical Articles

IL-4 protein is a typical cytokine produced by TH2 cells, playing a crucial role in the development of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, as well as driving humoral immune responses and antibody production.

B cells are a core component of the adaptive immune system, mediating humoral immune responses by differentiating into plasma cells to produce antibodies. Recent studies have revealed significant functional heterogeneity among B cells, with different subsets playing pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory roles in immune regulation, and their functional states are precisely modulated by cytokine networks in the microenvironment.

Tumor necrosis factor β (TNF-β), also known as lymphotoxin α (LTα), is a key member of the TNF superfamily. Similar to TNF-α, TNF-β plays a crucial role in immune regulation, inflammatory responses, and the development of lymphoid tissues.

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L) is a crucial hematopoietic cytokine, belonging to type I transmembrane proteins, and its soluble form is generated through proteolytic cleavage.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a single-chain glycoprotein composed of 212 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 26 kDa, and its encoding gene is located on human chromosome 7p21.

BTN1A1 (Butyrophilin Subfamily 1 Member A1) belongs to the butyrophilin family and is an important type I transmembrane protein.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine with core immune regulatory functions, initially discovered for its ability to promote T cell proliferation and once referred to as T cell growth factor (TCGF).