Technical Articles

Guanylyl cyclase C is a transmembrane protein belonging to the receptor guanylyl cyclase family. It is activated by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, guanylin, and uroguanylin, transmitting extracellular signals to the intracellular environment and participating in the regulation of intestinal function.

B7-H3 is a newly discovered immune checkpoint in recent years, belonging to the B7 superfamily, and is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. Human B7-H3 possesses four conserved structural cysteines, an extracellular domain composed of IgC-like and IgV-like domains, and distinct intracellular domains.

CD22, also known as Siglec-2, is a key member of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin family, belonging to type I transmembrane proteins with a molecular weight of 140 kDa.

Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. The MSLN gene is located at 16p13.3 and encodes the MSLN precursor protein, which is proteolytically cleaved to yield two protein products: megakaryocyte potentiating factor and mesothelin.

Guanylyl cyclase C belongs to the receptor guanylyl cyclase family and is the intestinal receptor for bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins, hence it is also known as the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor. The human GUCY2C gene is located on chromosome 12q12, and its encoded product is a type I transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 120 kDa.

鸟苷酸环化酶C是一种在人体中由GUCY2C基因编码的酶，属于受体鸟苷酸环化酶家族。该酶是细菌热稳定肠毒素的肠道受体，因此又称为热稳定肠毒素受体。

GPC3 is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family, primarily involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. This protein is expressed in the liver and kidneys of healthy fetuses but is nearly absent in adult tissues.

The immune system in the human body has functions such as immune surveillance, immune defense, and immune homeostasis. Its ability to resist the invasion of foreign pathogens and eliminate malignant mutations and senescent cells is primarily achieved through the innate immune system, composed of macrophages and basophils, as well as the adaptive immune system, consisting of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, a 48 kDa type I transmembrane protein widely expressed on immune cells, particularly B cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes, playing a crucial role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

The lack of functional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment is a significant reason for the suboptimal efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Even in tumor tissues rich in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the presence of dysfunctional PD-1-positive Tim-3-positive CD8-positive T cells remains a major indicator of poor prognosis in cancer patients.