Technical Articles

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family holds a unique position in the immune system, primarily participating in innate immune responses compared to other cytokine families.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine composed of 157 amino acids that functions as a homotrimer.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in immune responses, inflammatory regulation, hematopoietic differentiation, and neuroendocrine processes in both physiological and pathological contexts.

The tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and its receptor TNFR1 signaling pathway constitute a core molecular system that regulates inflammation, cell survival, and programmed cell death.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pivotal hub molecule in the innate and adaptive immune responses, primarily produced by activated immune cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes.

The IL-10 family of cytokines plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis during infection and inflammation by suppressing excessive immune activation, enhancing innate immunity, and promoting tissue repair.