Technical Articles

Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the cornerstone paradigms in cancer treatment, with innovative therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) significantly improving survival outcomes for patients with metastatic cancer. Despite the breakthrough progress made by immunotherapy, particularly represented by ICIs, clinical practice reveals that most patients still confront challenges of primary/adaptive resistance or acquired resistance, alongside persistently high incidence rates of treatment-related immune-related adverse events (irAEs).