Technical Articles

Tumor necrosis factor α is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine with extensive biological functions, playing a central role in immune regulation, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in both physiological and pathological processes.

Tumor necrosis factor α is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts on various cell types and has been identified as a key regulator of inflammatory responses, playing a role in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Recurrent miscarriage refers to the loss of three or more fetuses before the 28th week of pregnancy. Since the risk of another miscarriage after two occurrences is similar to that after three, domestic experts recommend that attention and evaluation should be given after two miscarriages.