Technical Articles

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are referred to as the "second messengers" within cells, participating in nearly all crucial cellular processes, from muscle contraction and nerve transmission to gene expression and apoptosis.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has received significant attention for its dual role in immune regulation since its discovery in 1976. As a key regulatory factor for T cell proliferation, IL-2 can exert anti-tumor effects by activating effector T cells (Teff) and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as inhibiting immune responses by stimulating regulatory T cells (Treg).