Technical Articles

At the forefront of immunology research, macrophage plasticity and functional polarization have become central to understanding inflammation, tissue repair, and the tumor immune microenvironment. The precise in vitro differentiation of human monocytes into M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory/repair) macrophages is a critical technology for simulating in vivo immune status, conducting drug screening, and facilitating cell therapy research.

ActRIIB (Activin Type IIB Receptor) and ACTRIIA (Activin Type IIA Receptor) are structurally similar transmembrane receptors belonging to the TGF-β receptor superfamily. They collectively function to receive extracellular "growth regulatory signals," yet exhibit key distinctions in their physiological roles and their value as drug targets.