Technical Articles

TNFR-1, also known as CD120a, is one of the most important receptors for tumor necrosis factor. It serves as a "master switch" for inflammation and cell death programs, playing a central role in immune defense, tissue homeostasis, and disease development.

Immune checkpoints play a vital role in the human immune system. They are a class of proteins on immune cells that can regulate the activity of immune cells and maintain the balance of the immune system.

On the battlefield of cancer treatment, KRAS gene mutations have long been a "tough adversary." Frequently implicated in pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), these mutations enable tumor cells to grow uncontrollably. However, the lack of binding pockets on the KRAS protein surface made it resistant to traditional drugs, once rendering it an "undruggable" target. In recent years, the emergence of KRAS G12C inhibitors has broken this impasse. The approvals of sotorasib and adagrasib have brought new hope to patients with advanced NSCLC. These drugs lock the KRAS G12C mutant in an inactive state by binding to its cysteine residue, thereby inhibiting downstream signaling pathways. Clinical trial results have been encouraging, demonstrating high objective response rates (ORRs) and disease control rates (DCRs).

Mutations in the KRAS gene represent a significant challenge in cancer treatment, particularly in pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These mutations result in the constitutive activation of the KRAS protein, leading to hyperactivation of downstream signaling pathways and promoting tumor cell growth. However, the lack of binding pockets on the KRAS protein surface has made it difficult for traditional small-molecule drugs to directly target KRAS, rendering it once deemed an "undruggable" target.

FOLR1, also known as folate receptor alpha, is a glycoprotein widely expressed on the surface of human cells. It primarily facilitates the transport and metabolism of folate within cells, playing a critical role in cell growth and division. However, in various cancer cells, the expression level of FOLR1 is frequently aberrantly elevated, rendering it a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.