Technical Articles

CD24 is another important "don't eat me" signaling protein. CD24 (differentiation cluster 24) is a highly glycosylated membrane protein

CD215， Also known as the interleukin-15 receptor alpha subunit (IL-15R alpha), it is a specific component of the IL-15 receptor and belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Its structural features include an extracellular domain (capable of binding IL-15 with high affinity), a transmembrane region, and a shorter intracellular tail.

Siglec-2 (also known as CD22) is a member of the sialic acid binding immunoglobulin like lectin (Siglec) receptor family, primarily expressed on the surface of B cells. As an inhibitory receptor, it regulates immune response by recognizing sialylated polysaccharides on the cell surface.

IL-2 (interleukin-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine, originally known as "T cell growth factor", mainly secreted by CD4 ⁺ T cells after activation by T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 co stimulation.

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a glycoprotein initially identified as a hematopoietic growth factor that promotes the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells into granulocytes and macrophages. With the deepening of research, it has been found that its biological function goes far beyond hematopoietic function.

MHC-Ib molecules belong to non classical MHC class I proteins, including subtypes such as HLA-E, HLA-G, MR1, etc. Compared with highly polymorphic classical MHC-Ia (such as HLA-A, B, C), their polymorphism is lower and their expression patterns are more specific.

MHC antigen peptide oligomerization technology is a breakthrough tool in modern immunology research. How can it help researchers accurately identify and track antigen-specific T cells? The core of this technology is to utilize the complex formed by the binding of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules with specific antigen peptides, and then enhance the detection sensitivity through polymerization.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was initially discovered for its role in organ transplant rejection, but with the development of immunology, we gradually realize that its more fundamental function is to participate in antigen presentation. MHC molecules can be divided into class I, class II, and class III, among which class I and class II glycoproteins form complexes on the cell surface, which can bind to antigenic peptides and present them to T cells, thereby initiating specific immune responses. This mechanism not only helps distinguish between "self" and "non self", but also plays a key role in infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases.

Ovarian cancer, as the most lethal type of gynecological malignancy, is mostly diagnosed in the advanced stage and is prone to developing chemotherapy resistance. In recent years, immunotherapy has brought new hope to patients with advanced ovarian cancer, especially T cell-based adoptive immunotherapy and vaccine strategies. However, how to accurately identify and amplify T cells that can specifically recognize ovarian cancer-related antigens has become a key scientific issue in this field. MHC tetramer technology, as the "gold standard" for antigen-specific T cell detection, is gradually becoming an important tool for exploring the immune response mechanism of ovarian cancer and optimizing immunotherapy regimens.

Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system worldwide, with 90% of cases associated with persistent high-risk HPV infection, HPV16、 Type 18 has the highest degree of association. It ranks fourth among malignant tumors in women worldwide and second among women aged 15-44; There are 530000 new cases globally annually, with approximately 130000 cases in China.